Tuesday, 24 February 2009
A Conversation about 14 February
Wednesday, 18 February 2009
B. Bucher-Mayor: Andrea Saemann téléphone Esther Ferrer
Photo: Andrea Saemann (c) Petra Kohle + Nicolas Vermot Petit-Outhenin
Sunday, 15 February 2009
B. Bucher-Mayor: « My dog », « my tutu », « my walnut tree » Mon chien, mon tutu, mon noyer...
Image: Monika Günther & Ruedi Schill. Photo (c) Petra Köhle + Nicolas Vermot Petit-Outhenin
Monika Günther va se mettre derrière la table. Elle sort lentement des morceaux de nourriture séchée, fruit sec ou viande, qu’elle dispose sur la table. Elle va nous livrer un peu de son monde au travers de mots rédigés sur des feuilles blanches. Elle tourne doucement, et avec délicatesse la première page. Ce n’est pas juste une feuille blanche avec un mot « mon chien », c’est la feuille qu’elle tient sur son cœur, qu’elle a regardée attentivement avant de la tourner vers le public. « Mon chien » évoque une partie de son histoire, une histoire que le mot fige, rigidifie, fixe. « Mon chien » n’est pas un mot, il est un souvenir vivant de l’artiste. Et quand cette dernière choisit avec soin un morceau de nourriture séchée pour l’associer au mot, elle nous dit plus que cela. Elle dit que « mon chien » est associé à quelque chose de sec, de la chair séchée. De ce fait « mon chien », le souvenir vivant, est réduit à un tas de viande séchée. Les choses qui nous entourent sont à la fois vivantes en nous et juste des bouts de viande qui un jour sècheront.
Pendant ce temps, Ruedi Schill sort méticuleusement des bananes séchées ou des saucisses d’un des sacs en plastique. Il met l’extrémité de cette nourriture séchée dans sa bouche, comme il l’aurait fait d’une pipe ou d’un cigare. Il s’avance vers le devant de la scène, et les laisse tomber devant nous. Il cherche autre chose dans les sacs, sort des objets et les remet, trouve les mêmes « saucisses », et reproduit les mêmes actions. Cette nourriture n’est pas à consommer, elle ne peut pas être engloutie. Elle ne peut qu’être goûtée, et recrachée. Cette nourriture séchée doit-elle sortir des sacs, passer par la bouche pour retourner sur le sol ? S’agit-il de souvenirs qu’il ressort de sa mémoire, tente de goûter avant de les laisser retourner à leur anonymat originel ?
« Mon tutu », « mon noyer », « mon envol », « mon musée », Monika Günther poursuit son offrande. Les souvenirs meurent sous nos yeux. Ils sont tous, les uns après les autres réduits au sec, au « vidé de son jus », à des choses sans histoire : de la viande séchée. Puis vient le mot « ma pipe », qui me fait d’emblée penser au tableau de Magritte : « Ceci n’est pas une pipe ». Et par analogie, je me demande si je ne devrais pas faire l’inverse de ce que j’ai fait jusqu’ici. Cesser d’interpréter l’association des objets familiers avec les morceaux secs comme la mort de ces objets pour considérer qu’à l’inverse ces objets « ne sont pas des objets ». Les objets « mon studio » « ma voiture » « mes peintures » sont des objets qui sont peut-être investis par un corps de chair, qui sont comme habités. Ils sont comme une fenêtre qui nous ouvre tout un monde personnel. Ce total renversement montre la complexité du rapport avec les choses, lorsqu’elles cessent d’être des fantômes, du « sec » parce que nous les faisons nôtres.
Souvenir de choses mortes, mort des choses et mort du souvenir ou, au contraire, vie donnée aux choses pas la relation intime que chaque histoire de vie peut tisser avec elles ? Ce sont les deux regards antagonistes possibles qui se rejoignent dans la première partie de la performance de Monika Günther et Ruedi Schill.
Saturday, 14 February 2009
Trois regards sur Stuart Brisley
Dr. Koffi Célestin YAO: Stuart Brisley - Symphonie pour un rituel macabre
B. Bucher-Mayor: La mort en acte
Gérard Mayen: Quel corps cela fait ?
Mary Paterson on Markus Gössi: a Performance after Stuart Brisley
Image: Markus Gössi. Photo (c) Petra Köhle + Nicolas Vermot Petit-Outhenin
Markus Gössi comes onto stage wheeling a trolley loaded with paper bags and a long stick, like an empty flag pole. He takes a brief tour of the stage – scoping out the territory – before he finds the corner that suits him. Here he parks his luggage and sets about making a border out of salt on the ground. His boundaries undulate like a natural island, marking out what is his and what is ‘outside’. Then Gössi makes a salt gateway for himself, steps through it and stands proudly outside his land, looking in.
Gössi’s performance is a response to Stuart Brisley, the UK artist who performed earlier in the evening. But whereas Brisley explored his performance space in a stream of methodical concentration, Gössi steps back from his from time to time, as if to calculate the effects of his labour.
When he is satisfied with his homemade landmass, Gössi sets about the business of protecting it. First he strips to his underpants, then he wraps parts of his body in tin foil: his legs, his ankle, his arms, his torso. He cuts a humorous figure on stage: a rotund knight in shimmering armour made from the materials of a domestic kitchen.
The problem seems to be that once he has made himself a home, Gössi must now protect it. He makes a tin foil flag to crown his flag pole, and he takes his flag pole off the island to begin an elaborate display of ownership. Gössi waves the flag round his head until the roll of tin foil unravels around him. It arcs into a magnificent spiral, and Gössi the homemade warrior is enshrined inside his sparkling border.
Protecting his island-base, Gössi is also plagued by imaginary enemies: cloves of garlic that he finds in his own bags, and drops outside the boundaries of his land. Then Gössi destroys them with a kitchen hammer, chasing them round the stage as they splinter after each hit. Like the flag that threatens to overcome him, these opponents only become dangerous as a direct result of what Gössi does.
After half an hour, Gössi has re-imagined the performance space as, in turns, a home, a place for leisure, and a site for battle. His land conquered and lost, the only thing left for him to do is leave.
Conversation between Robin Deacon and Rachel Lois Clapham
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Rachel Lois Clapham (RLC). Do you see your work on Stuart Sherman as research, re-enactment or revival?
Robin Deacon (RD). The initial idea was documentary, certainly with regards to the research. But documentary is a lazy term as of course it is always more than that. I do think the work is more than documentary performance. But I am always wary of being too present in the work. I have to ask myself where do I slot in to Stuart Sherman? Should the work be the story of me and how he has influenced me? Is that inherently interesting? On the other hand, is a definitive biographical account possible?
‘Talking Head’ documentaries have already been done very well by people like Errol Morris. So for me it is important to differ in terms of format; I go back to actual documents of Sherman’s work and try to do something different with them. For instance, I recorded Anthony Howell citing his own writing on Sherman, alongside clips of original footage showing Sherman doing the actions Howell was describing. That worked really well.
RLC How do you think your work impacts upon that of Sherman’s?
RD I don’t think what I am doing will super-cede or replace Sherman’s work but I am concerned with the question of how you re-enact, how do you transcribe someone else's work? Especially as I am re-enacting the work of an artist who is no longer here. I did contact Stuart’s lawyer, he was supportive, but I am conscious of fundamentally not having Stuart’s permission. That is something that intrigues me more than worries me.
RLC: Have you considered the fact that Sherman may have wanted his work to disappear?
RD: Towards the end of his life Stuart started to distribute his work. He donated items to the New York MOMA. The Fales Library, New York, have already started to put his old VHS stuff on DVD. Whether or not these donations were in order to disseminate his work, to archive it, or just out of generosity on Stuart’s part I am not sure. But I do have the sense that he was concerned with posterity. He did document his work, and did many performances just for camera, not for an audience; there is a sense of his planning regarding documentation. But the question is do people go into libraries and seek this stuff out? It is one thing to preserve and archive, another to give access. The whole notion of accessibility is so much a part of the web based archive. If you type in Sherman’s name into Google my name will now come up, which is distressing to think about.
I also wonder if in the future I will be seen as ‘The Stuart Sherman guy’. That is something that has happened to me with previous biographical performances, for instance with my work on Colin Powell. I have always been filtered through somebody else.
RLC: How did Sherman’s death affect you, and the project?
RD: Stuart died in 2001, I saw him perform in May that year. In terms of my relationship with Stuart I didn’t know him, I wasn’t a personal friend. I don’t really want to pretend to know him more than I do.
RLC- There are many performers here in Performance Saga who explore the overtly personal nature of their relationship to the older performance artists they are responding to. You go down a much more formal, institutional route in your work. I wonder if this difference could be one to do with gender?
RD: I do have a personal investment, because of his influence on me. But I am just conscious of the fact that there are people who are better placed than I to talk about Stuart because they knew him, or were friends with him, and have worked with him.
RLC: Where and when did you first encounter Stuart Sherman’s work?
RD: I saw Stuart’s work first in 1993, at Cardiff School of Art and I was struck how it wasn’t a guy standing in a room naked for 12 hours holding a fish in one hand and a loaf of bread in the other.... or some such thing. Stuart did a workshop with us at that time and I was improvising, posturing and being very over the top. He came over and said ‘You don’t need to do that, relax’. I remember that very clearly. He taught me that you don’t have to be parading around ‘performing’ all the time.
RD: Later, I saw a performance of his called ‘Spaghetti Spectacle’ at Chapter Arts Centre, Cardiff. He had a suitcase full of pasta related objects and a set of miniature weighing scales. He laid them out and started weighing the Spaghetti. It was fascinating. His work was an important lesson in how to structure a performance, how to use space and time. The scale of the thing really stayed with me too. I had always loved working with things like model trains- still do- so the miniatures were a point of conversion. From then on all my performances were on little tables, with little cassette recorders on them. It was something for me to hold onto.
RLC: Sherman’s work has been described as being ‘outside meaning’ or ‘beyond understanding’ How do you negotiate this in your re-enactments?
RD: Howell talks of meaning coming in waves in Stuart’s performances. It’s true, you cling onto certain moments, then they slip away. I got beyond trying to work out what is going on in his work. It was like watching David Lynch’s ‘Inland Empire’ (2007). The more I watched that movie, the less I understood and the more I got drawn into it. In Stuart’s work too, meaning ceased to matter. It is about recognising certain objects or moments. His work showed me that meaning can come from someone doing something with deliberate purpose, or apparent function, even if you don’t know what that function or purpose is. I haven’t really seen that anywhere else. I miss that about his work.
In the re-enactments, my sense of understanding is not about giving meaning, it is totally formal, all about the structure; about what objects go where and when. That’s because I can’t second guess what his meaning is. There are big gaps. For instance, the table performance I re-enacted last night was from Stuart’s ‘Spectacle of the Erotic’. So, the performance relates the erotic but visually there is just a guy standing up in front of a table moving loads of objects...
After Stuart had performed his ‘Spectacle of the Erotic’ Stuart apparently said to someone who was there ‘Well, now you know everything about me’. This notion that you can reveal something about yourself in formal terms, rather than emoting to the audience, is something I find absolutely fascinating.
For more details see www.robindeacon.com
Friday, 13 February 2009
Rachel Lois Clapham meets a performance pioneer
Seeing you on-screen is like seeing a long lost friend or an online lover in the flesh for the first time. I get a rush of familiarity mixed with fascination. After all this time spent apart, seeing each other at a distance, I am invited into your work, into your home. This is a chance to really get to know you. The chance for the interior of this ‘initiatrice de l’art performatif’- once essentialised as the porous female body, with womb, mouth and other dark holes- to be accessed, entered into on your own terms. It is a chance for us to come closer together, to confirm feelings, correct any previous misunderstandings. Seeing you aged I am reminded of how time is on the march. How time is at stake for all of us. What does the future hold? What is the future history for you and your work? How will you be perceived 30 years from now, and by whom? How will I look back on you then?
American performance artist Joan Jonas stares directly into the camera. She talks carefully and slowly about herself, her influences and her work, both in the 1970’s and now. Jonas has the confidence of a woman at the very top of her game. And rightly so; the subject of major museum retrospectives and comprehensive catalogues, with a studio in New York, one in Canada, and a professorship at the prestigious Rijks academy in Amsterdam, Jonas no longer has to look for work, she can take her pick.
Jonas is just one of the eight seminal female performance artists from the 1960’s and 70’s included in the Performance Saga interview series. Artists include Valie Export, Esther Ferrer, Monika Gunther, Alison Knowles, Ulrike Rosenbach, Martha Rosler, and Carolee Schneeman. These infamous women, now aged between 63 and 74 years old, may seem an obvious choice for an interview series: well documented, established, now in vogue and in the public eye. But these interviews are not simply a tribute. They are a serious examination of the impact these female icons have had on performance; a study of these ‘founding mothers’ of performance in the light of the 21st Century. The series de-bunks some of the myths of the 1960’s and 70’s performance scene by bringing those very rarely witnessed performances to a contemporary audience through the mouths and eyes of the artists. In doing so, it rescues these artists from the rumours, private collections and art historical catalogues that have held them at a distance, and their work captive, for over thirty years.
In the interview, Jonas lays her practice bare: the way she uses performance as a language and a way of thinking. The way she uses the audience. How she engages with younger artists. How aging has forced her to adapt her performance work, and to invite others to perform it. The difficulty she has getting genuine critical feedback at this stage in her career. Significantly, Jonas also articulates a very contemporary view of performance. One that does not exist only in the live or the ‘maniacally charged present’ advocated by Peggy Phelan, but is heavily mediated, shown in commercial galleries, experienced in and as installation and documentation. Her interview shows how performance’s recent past is alive and well in the 21st Century. Overall, the Performance Saga series is an important tool in enabling us to cast doubt on the existing history of performance that has been handed down to us.
Gérard Mayen: Un court-circuit mamellaire
Mary Paterson: Lost in Language
Robin Deacon, 'Approximating the Work of Stuart Sherman', 12th February 2009
Standing in the dark, holding sweaty hands with two strangers in Tania Bruguera’s ‘Passing the Body’, the French language thickens and rises up all around me. The further Tania Bruguera travels into her narrated history of performance, the less I understand. My basic French vocabulary is lost in the panic of the total blackness here, in an old atomic shelter under the Arsenic Theatre. The language adds starch to the darkness. The darkness and the language bear down on me. I am isolated and I can no longer stand.
Later, in La Petite Salle of the theatre Robin Deacon says (in English) that he has been accused of using a language without knowing what it means, in his ‘cover version’ re-enactments of performances by the late American artist Stuart Sherman. Amidst the proliferation of languages at the Performance Saga festival, I attach myself to this statement, which Deacon does not choose to deny. The evening has been a series of histories – autobiographical, informative and playful – conducted in a mixture of languages: an interview with Joan Jonas shown in English with German subtitles, Bruguera’s talk in French, Deacon’s performance lecture in English and Katia Bassinini’s interventions in French and English. Navigating the past, constructing it for the present, the evening has also been framed in the language of performance art, a collective memory of things that, by definition, most of us who are familiar with have not experienced first hand.
Image: Robin Deacon 'Approximating the Art of Stuart Sherman',Thursday 13th February 2009, photograph (c) Petra Köhle + Nicolas Vermot Petit-Outhenin
In fact, Deacon does not seem to use Stuart Sherman’s language without knowing what it means. The performances are a string of games that Deacon plays, deadpan, with small toys and familiar objects on a table top. He puts a model aeroplane on a set of paper, aeroplane shaped ‘shadows.’ He fills a pipe with pencil sharpenings. He hides a model car, a chair and the pencil sharpener under a Mickey Mouse hat. Although the relationships created in these games are often unfathomable – what has Mickey Mouse got to do with the toy car? – the games do not wrench the players away from their sense in the every day. Rather than re-appropriate or rediscover the objects in his travelling suitcase of supplies, like a Fluxus composition, Deacon (after Sherman) recasts them, like famous movie stars breaking out of a familiar genre.
And Deacon bookends these performances with a detailed explanation of Sherman’s art, his networks, and his long-term influence on Deacon. Deacon first grew interested in Sherman as a first year student, and in 2006 began a research project into Sherman’s work. The language of Stuart Sherman, in other words, has shaped Deacon as an artist. Somebody once suggested, Deacon says, that he does not have a ‘neutral enough presence’ to stand in for Stuart Sherman. But here he is, re-creating Sherman’s oeuvre and performing his place in history. And what better subject is there to represent Sherman’s semiotics, than an artistic subject formed by Sherman, influenced by him as a student, when he (Deacon) was learning the language of art?
But, as he gives his lecture on Sherman’s work, it transpires that Deacon does not know the whole story. In fact, he imagined a part of it. Sherman’s ‘criminal’ lack of recognition, he discovered on a trip to New York, is not the result of institutional neglect but more a question of unfinished cataloguing, obsolete materials and human error. And parts of Sherman’s story will never be told. One audio tape, unheard since Sherman recorded it thirty years ago, is lost among boxes of his artefacts and memorabilia, an almost-history who’s absence spins the end of Deacon’s lecture-performance into an appeal to the unknown.
Both Deacon’s performances after Sherman, and his spoken exploration of the American artist’s career, roll between meanings that are old and new, stable and reinterpreted, ‘fact’ and ‘fiction’. The pencil sharpener, for example, doubles as a TV or a car, but is also used to sharpen pencils; Deacon’s talk begins by describing Sherman’s influence, and ends by suggesting Deacon as an architect of Sherman’s memory. But, just like a spoken language evolving over time, the longer the performance-lecture lasts, the more impenetrable the new meanings become. Building on the familiar, the games of Deacon/ Sherman soon construct a specialised and personal dialect that is hard for a newcomer to comprehend. And, with images of flyers, programmes and cuttings from Sherman’s career playing behind him as Deacon speaks, the story of Deacon/ Sherman is clearly a personal approach, stringing one fine thread between pin points on either man.
Image: Robin Deacon 'Approximating the Art of Stuart Sherman',Thursday 13th February 2009, photograph (c) Petra Köhle + Nicolas Vermot Petit-Outhenin
The language of explanation, the objects of the game, are deconstructed by the process of their own utility: by speaking and performing about Sherman, Deacon illustrates the complexity of the artist and the man, which can’t be captured in speech or performance. Likewise, the language of performance art, the vignettes and visual quotes of re-enactment are dissolved in this first evening of the Performance Saga Festival, melting inside the words and moments that signal their own failure to contain the idea. Katia Bassanini offers mementos of her interventions, keepsakes of her homages to VALIE EXPORT or Eleanor Antin, making a fetish of things lost to time; and Bruguera cloaks her audience in darkness, breaking once and for all the connection between education and illumination.
The multilingual atmosphere of Performance Saga – its mixture of spoken languages, visual languages and documentary techniques – deconstructs the protectionism of any kind of story, even as it builds an event, a point in history, out of the retelling of particular tales. With no language or technique taking precedence, the evening remains porous to the interpretations of someone or something else. Perhaps this is what pierces the blackness of something that sounds like history. Perhaps this is using language without knowing – without knowing for sure – what it means.
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Je suis debout dans le noir, tenant les mains moites de deux inconnus dans « Passing the Body » (Passant le corps) de Tania Bruguera, et la langue française m'entoure en s'épaississant. Plus elle raconte son histoire de la performance, moins je la comprends. Mon vocabulaire élementaire de français s'évanouit dans la panique de l'obscurité totale de cet abri anti-nucléaire sous le Théâtre Arsénic. La langue ajoute de l'amidon à l'obscurité. L'obscurité et la langue pèsent sur moi. Je suis seule et je ne peux plus me tenir debout.
Plus tard, dans la Petite Salle du théâtre, Robin Deacon me dit (en anglais) qu'on lui a reproché d'utiliser un langage sans savoir ce qu'il veut dire, dans sa re-création "version couverture" de performances de feu l'artiste américain Stuart Sherman. Parmi la prolifération de langues au Festival Performance Saga , je m'accroche à cette affirmation, que Deacon préfère ne pas nier. La soirée a vu une série d'histoires –autobiographiques, instructives, ludiques – menées dans un mélange de langues: un entretien avec Joan Jonas en anglais avec des sous-titres allemands, le discours de Bruguera en français, la performance-conférence de Deacon en anglais, et les interventions de Kate Bassanini en français et en anglais. Naviguant à travers le passé, le construisant pour le présent, la soirée a été cadrée aussi dans le langage de l'art de la performance, une mémoire collective de choses que, par définition, nous connaissons, mais sans les avoir vues dans l'original.
En fait, Deacon ne semble pas utiliser le langage de Stuart Sherman sans savoir ce qu'il veut dire. La performance est une suite de jeux joués impassiblement par Deacon avec des jouets et des objets familiers. Il pose un modèle réduit d'avion sur une tas de papier, des "ombres" à forme d'avion. Il remplit une pipe de taillures de crayon. Il cache une voiture, une chaise et le taille-crayon sous un chapeau Mickey. Même si les rapports établis dans ces jeux sont insondables – qu'est-ce que Mickey a à voir avec la voiture ? – les jeux ne suffisent pas à arracher ces objets à leur sens quotidien. Plutôt que de se réapproprier et redécouvrir les objets de son coffre de voyage, comme dans une composition Fluxus, Deacon (après Sherman) les redistribue, comme des acteurs de cinéma connus qui sortent de leur genre habituel.
Deacon cadre ces performances avec des explications détaillées sur l'art de Stuart Sherman, ses réseaux, et son influence de longue date sur lui. Deacon s'est intéressé à Sherman dès sa première année à l'école d'art, et il a commencé un projet de recherches sur le travail de Sherman en 2006. Autrement dit, le langage de Stuart Sherman a formé Deacon, l'artiste. On a dit de lui que sa présence n'était pas assez « neutre » pour se mettre à la place de Sherman. Pourtant le voici, re-créant l'œuvre de Sherman et jouant sa place dans l'histoire. Quel meilleur sujet pour représenter la sémiotique de Sherman qu'un sujet-artiste formé pas lui, influencé par lui au moment de sa formation d'artiste, alors que Deacon apprenait le langage de l'art ?
Toutefois, pendant que Deacon prononce sa conférence sur le travail de Sherman, il laisse savoir qu'il ne connaît pas toute l'histoire. En fait, il en a imaginé une partie. Il a découvert lors d'un voyage à New York que le manque de reconnaissance, « criminel », de Sherman ne venait pas d'une négligence de la part des institutions, mais du manque d'un catalogue complet, ainsi que de matériaux obsolètes et d'erreur humaine. Il y a des aspects de l'histoire de Sherman que l'on ne connaîtra jamais. Une bande enregistrée par Sherman il y a une trentaine d'années reste introuvable parmi ses affaires personnelles et souvenirs ; une quasi histoire d’absences qui fait de la fin de la performance-conférence de Deacon un plaidoyer pour l'inconnu.
Les performances de Deacon d'après Sherman et son exploration de la carrière de l'artiste américain oscillent entre des significations neuves et anciennes, stables et ré-interprétées, « faits » et « fictions ». Le taille-crayon, par exemple, fait office de télé ou de voiture, tout en étant utilisé pour tailler des crayons. La conférence de Deacon commence par une description de l'influence de Sherman et finit par camper Deacon dans le rôle d'architecte de la mémoire de Sherman. Or, de même qu'une langue parlée évolue dans le temps, plus la performance-conférence dure, plus impénétrables deviennent les nouvelles significations. En bâtissant sur le connu, les jeux de Deacon/Sherman finissent par construire un dialecte personnel et spécialisé difficile à comprendre pour un non-initié. Avec les images de brochures, programmes et coupures sur la carrière de Sherman projetées derrière lui pendant qu'il parle, l'histoire de Deacon/Sherman est clairement une approche personnelle, tendant un fil fin entre les deux hommes.
Le langage de l'explication et des objets du jeu sont déconstruits par le processus de leur propre utilisation : en parlant et en "performant" sur Sherman, Deacon démontre la complexité de l'artiste et de l'homme, qu'aucune parole ou performance ne peut saisir. Pareillement, le langage de l'art de la performance, les vignettes et citations visuelles de re-création se dissolvent dans cette première soirée du Festival Performance Saga, mêlant les mots et les moments qui admettent leur propre incapacité à borner l'idée. Katia Bassanini nous offre des souvenirs de ses interventions et de ses hommages à VALIE EXPORT ou à Eleanor Antin, produisqnt autant de fétiches à partir de choses perdues dans le temps. Bruguera enrobe son public dans l'obscurité, rompant une bonne fois pour toutes le lien entre enseignement et revelqation.
L'atmosphère multilingue de Performance Saga – son mélange de langues parlées, langages visuels et techniques documentaires – déconstruit le protectionnisme de toute histoire, tout en construisant un événement, un point dans l'histoire, à partir du récit de certaines histoires en particulier. Sans qu'aucun des langages n'ait de préséance, la soirée reste ouverte aux interprétations de quelqu'un ou de quelque chose d'autre. C'est peut-être cela qui perce l'obscurité de quelque chose qui ressemble à l'histoire. C'est peut-être cela que d'utiliser une langue sans savoir – sans être sûr de savoir – ce qu'elle veut dire
Rédigé par Mary Paterson
Traduit par Jean-Marie Clarke